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extensive knowledge of a subject

  • 1 extensive

    - siv
    adjective (large in area or amount: extensive plantations; He suffered extensive injuries in the accident.) extenso, vasto
    extensive adj extenso / amplio
    tr[ɪk'stensɪv]
    1 (area) extenso,-a, amplio,-a
    2 (wide-ranging) vasto,-a, amplio,-a, extenso,-a; (thorough) exhaustivo, minucioso,-a
    3 (very great in effect, widespread) importante, múltiple
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to make extensive use of something hacer abundante uso de algo
    extensive agriculture agricultura extensiva
    extensive [ɪk'stɛntsɪv, ɛk-] adj
    : extenso, vasto, amplio
    ♦ extensively adv
    adj.
    • abundante adj.
    • amplio, -a adj.
    • dilatado, -a adj.
    • extensivo, -a adj.
    • extenso, -a adj.
    • grande adj.
    • lato, -a adj.
    ɪk'stensɪv
    adjective <area/field> extenso; < knowledge> vasto, extenso, amplio; <experience/coverage> amplio; <search/inquiries> exhaustivo; <damage/repairs> de consideración, importante

    to make extensive use of something — hacer* abundante uso de algo

    [ɪks'tensɪv]
    ADJ
    1) (=covering large area) [grounds, estate, area] extenso; [network, tour] extenso, amplio; [surgery] de envergadura; [burns] de consideración
    2) (=comprehensive) [collection, list] extenso; [range, reforms, interests] amplio; [enquiry, tests, research] exhaustivo; [knowledge] vasto, amplio
    3) (=considerable) [damage, investments] considerable, importante; [experience] amplio, vasto; [repairs] de consideración; [powers] amplio

    to make extensive use of sth — usar or utilizar algo mucho

    * * *
    [ɪk'stensɪv]
    adjective <area/field> extenso; < knowledge> vasto, extenso, amplio; <experience/coverage> amplio; <search/inquiries> exhaustivo; <damage/repairs> de consideración, importante

    to make extensive use of something — hacer* abundante uso de algo

    English-spanish dictionary > extensive

  • 2 subject

    § თემა, საგანი, სიუჟეტი; ქვემდებარე, ქვეშერდომი, ხელქვეითი
    §
    1 **
    he is subject to anger ადვილად ბრაზდება / ფიცხდება
    2 დაქვემდებარებული, დამოკიდებული
    3 თემა, საგანი
    let's change / drop the subject! ლაპარაკის თემა შევცვალოთ! // ამ თემაზე ლაპარაკი შევწყვიტოთ!
    to keep to / wander from the subject თემის მიდევნება // თემიდან გადახვევა
    the subject of research / experiment კვლევის / ექსპერიმენტის საგანი / ობიექტი
    we have different opinions on that subject ამ საგანზე სხვადასხვა აზრის ვართ
    ●●subject matter თემა, საგანი
    4 საგნობრივი ინდექსი
    the subject of the novel / film სიუჟეტი, შინაარსი
    5 სასწავლო საგანი
    6 ქვემდებარე (გრამატიკაში)
    7 ქვეშევრდომი, მოქალაქე
    8 დამორჩილება (დაიმორჩილებს), დაქვემდებარება
    Ancient Rome subjected most of Europe to her rule ძველმა რომმა ევროპის უდიდესი ნაწილი დაიპყრო / დაიმორჩილა
    9 **
    he was subjected to criticism / ridicule / torture გააკრიტიკეს // ქვეყნის სასაცილო გახადეს // აწამეს
    a sore subject მტკივნეული თემა / საკითხი
    an interesting treatment of the subject საკითხის მიმართ საინტერესო მიდგომა
    what subjects are taught at your institute? შენს ინსტიტუტში რა საგნებს ასწავლიან?
    he is at home on any subject / topic ყველაფერშია გარკვეული // ყველაფერზე შეუძლია საუბარი
    this book does not fully cover the subject ამ წიგნში საკითხი მთლიანად არ არის გაშუქებული
    our teacher has a good grasp of his subject ჩვენმა მასწავლებელმა თავისი საგანი კარგად იცის
    he is not communicative on the subject ამ თემაზე ლაპარაკი არ სურს / ლაპარაკს ერიდება

    English-Georgian dictionary > subject

  • 3 extensive

    1 ფართო, ვრცელი
    2 დიდი

    English-Georgian dictionary > extensive

  • 4 knowledge

    ['nɔlɪʤ]
    сущ.
    1) знание; познания; эрудиция

    to absorb / assimilate / soak up knowledge — набираться знаний

    to acquire / accumulate / gain knowledge — приобретать, накапливать, получать знания

    to bring smth. to smb.'s knowledge — информировать кого-л. о чём-л., доводить до сведения

    to communicate / disseminate / impart knowledge — передавать знания

    to demonstrate / display / show knowledge — обнаруживать знания

    to flaunt / parade one's knowledge (of a subject) — хвастать своим знанием (предмета)

    - direct knowledge
    - extensive knowledge
    - intimate knowledge of smth.
    - intimate knowledge
    - thorough knowledge of smth.
    - thorough knowledge
    - profound knowledge
    - reading knowledge
    - rudimentary knowledge
    - superficial knowledge
    - speaking knowledge
    - working knowledge
    Syn:

    He did it without my knowledge. — Он сделал это без моего ведома.

    To my knowledge, she has never been here. — Насколько я знаю, она здесь никогда не была.

    4) известие, сообщение
    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]knowledge[/ref]

    Англо-русский современный словарь > knowledge

  • 5 Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

    [br]
    b. 30 May 1810 Lower Wyke, near Halifax, Yorkshire, England
    d. 10 June 1889 Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer whose principal works were concerned with reservoirs, water-supply schemes and pipelines.
    [br]
    Bateman's maternal grandfather was a Moravian missionary, and from the age of 7 he was educated at the Moravian schools at Fairfield and Ockbrook. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a "civil engineer, land surveyor and agent" in Oldham. After this apprenticeship, Bateman commenced his own practice in 1833. One of his early schemes and reports was in regard to the flooding of the river Medlock in the Manchester area. He came to the attention of William Fairbairn, the engine builder and millwright of Canal Street, Ancoats, Manchester. Fairbairn used Bateman as his site surveyor and as such he prepared much of the groundwork for the Bann reservoirs in Northern Ireland. Whilst the reports on the proposals were in the name of Fairbairn, Bateman was, in fact, appointed by the company as their engineer for the execution of the works. One scheme of Bateman's which was carried forward was the Kendal Reservoirs. The Act for these was signed in 1845 and was implemented not for the purpose of water supply but for the conservation of water to supply power to the many mills which stood on the river Kent between Kentmere and Morecambe Bay. The Kentmere Head dam is the only one of the five proposed for the scheme to survive, although not all the others were built as they would have retained only small volumes of water.
    Perhaps the greatest monument to the work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman is Manchester's water supply; he was consulted about this in 1844, and construction began four years later. He first built reservoirs in the Longdendale valley, which has a very complicated geological stratification. Bateman favoured earth embankment dams and gravity feed rather than pumping; the five reservoirs in the valley that impound the river Etherow were complex, cored earth dams. However, when completed they were greatly at risk from landslips and ground movement. Later dams were inserted by Bateman to prevent water loss should the older dams fail. The scheme was not completed until 1877, by which time Manchester's population had exceeded the capacity of the original scheme; Thirlmere in Cumbria was chosen by Manchester Corporation as the site of the first of the Lake District water-supply schemes. Bateman, as Consulting Engineer, designed the great stone-faced dam at the west end of the lake, the "gothic" straining well in the middle of the east shore of the lake, and the 100-mile (160 km) pipeline to Manchester. The Act for the Thirlmere reservoir was signed in 1879 and, whilst Bateman continued as Consulting Engineer, the work was supervised by G.H. Hill and was completed in 1894.
    Bateman was also consulted by the authorities in Glasgow, with the result that he constructed an impressive water-supply scheme derived from Loch Katrine during the years 1856–60. It was claimed that the scheme bore comparison with "the most extensive aqueducts in the world, not excluding those of ancient Rome". Bateman went on to superintend the waterworks of many cities, mainly in the north of England but also in Dublin and Belfast. In 1865 he published a pamphlet, On the Supply of Water to London from the Sources of the River Severn, based on a survey funded from his own pocket; a Royal Commission examined various schemes but favoured Bateman's.
    Bateman was also responsible for harbour and dock works, notably on the rivers Clyde and Shannon, and also for a number of important water-supply works on the Continent of Europe and beyond. Dams and the associated reservoirs were the principal work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman; he completed forty-three such schemes during his professional career. He also prepared many studies of water-supply schemes, and appeared as professional witness before the appropriate Parliamentary Committees.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1860. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1878, 1879.
    Bibliography
    Among his publications History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks, (1884, London), and The Present State of Our Knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns, (1855, London: British Association for the Advancement of Science) are notable.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1889, Proceedings of the Royal Society 46:xlii-xlviii. G.M.Binnie, 1981, Early Victorian Water Engineers, London.
    P.N.Wilson, 1973, "Kendal reservoirs", Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 73.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

  • 6 Hunter, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotland
    d. 16 October 1793 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.
    [br]
    The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.
    Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.
    He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.
    By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.
    Bibliography
    1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Hunter, John

  • 7 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 8 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 9 Townsend, Matthew

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. Leicester (?), England
    d. after 1867 USA
    [br]
    English inventor of the latch needle for making seamless hose, and developer of ribbed knitting on circular machines.
    [br]
    Townsend, who described himself in his first patent as a framework knitter and afterwards as a hosier of Leicester, took out a patent in 1847 for the application of a "machine like that of a point net frame to an ordinary stocking-frame". He described needles and hooks of a peculiar shape which were able to take the work off the knitting machine, reverse the loops and return them again so that ribbed knitting could be made on circular machines. These became popular for knitting stockings which, although not fully fashioned, had sufficient strength to fit the leg. In 1854 he took out a patent for making round hose with heels and toes fashioned on other machines. In yet another patent, in 1856, he described a method of raising looped pile on knitted fabrics for making "terry" towelling fabrics. He could use different coloured yarns in the fabric that were controlled by a Jacquard mechanism. It was in the same year, 1856, in a further patent that he described his tumbler or latch needles as well as the making of figured patterns in knitting on both sides of the fabric with a Jacquard mechanism. The latch needles were self-acting, being made to move up and down or backwards and forwards by the action of cams set in the cylindrical body of the machine. Normally the needle worked in a vertical or inclined position with the previous loop on the shank below the latch. Weft yarn was placed in the hook of the needle. The needle was drawn down between fixed plates which formed a new loop with the weft. At the same time, the original loop already on the shank of the needle moved along the shank and closed the latch so that it could pass over the newly formed loop in the needle hook and fall over the end of the needle incorporating the new loop on its way to make the next row of stitches. The latch needle obviated the need for loop wheels and pressers and thus simplified the knitting mechanism. Townsend's invention was the forerunner of an entirely new generation of knitting machines, but it was many years before its full potential was realized, the bearded needle of William Lee being preferred because the hinge of the latch could not be made as fine as the bearded needle.
    Townsend was in the first rank of skilful manufacturers of fancy Leicester hosiery and had a good practical knowledge of the machinery used in his trade. Having patented his needles, he seems not to have succeeded in getting them into very profitable or extensive use, possibly because he fixed the royalty too high. His invention proved to be most useful and profitable in the hands of others, for it gave great impetus to the trade in seamless hose. For various reasons he discontinued his business in Leicester. He emigrated to the USA, where, after some initial setbacks, he began to reap the rewards of his skill.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1847, British patent no. 11,899 (knitting machine). 1854, British patent no. 1,523 (seamless hose).
    1856, British patent no. 1,157 ("terry" towelling fabrics).
    1856, British patent no. 1,858 (latch needles and double-sided patterns on fabrics).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry, London (mentions Townsend briefly).
    W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (a better account of Townsend).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Townsend, Matthew

  • 10 information

    noun, no pl., no indef. art.

    piece or bit of information — Information, die

    where can we get hold of some information? — wo können wir Auskunft bekommen?

    for your information — zu Ihrer Information; (iron.) damit du Bescheid weißt!

    * * *
    noun (facts told or knowledge gained or given: Can you give me any information about this writer?; the latest information on the progress of the war; He is full of interesting bits of information.) die Information
    * * *
    in·for·ma·tion
    [ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən, AM -fɚˈ-]
    I. n
    1. no pl (data) Information f, Auskunft f; (details) Angaben pl
    do you have any \information about train times? können Sie mir Auskunft über die Abfahrtszeiten geben?
    for further \information, please contact your local library für weitere Informationen setzen Sie sich bitte mit Ihrer Bibliothek in Verbindung
    a bit [or piece] of \information eine Information
    a vital piece of \information eine sehr wichtige Information
    to be a mine of \information viel wissen
    a lot of/a little \information viele/wenige Informationen
    to give sb \information about sb/sth jdm über jdn/etw Informationen geben
    to have \information that... Informationen haben, dass...
    to move \information Informationen übertragen; (from the internet) Informationen aus dem Internet übertragen
    for your \information als Information; (annoyed) damit Sie es wissen
    2. (enquiry desk) Information f
    you can buy a museum guide at \information Sie können einen Museumsführer an der Information kaufen
    3. AM (telephone operator) Auskunft f
    4. LAW ( form: official charge) Anklage f
    to lay an \information against sb jdn anklagen
    II. n modifier (pack, service, sheet) Informations-; COMPUT Daten-
    \information content Informationsgehalt nt
    \information exchange Informationsaustausch m
    \information management Datenmanagement nt
    \information system Informationssystem nt
    * * *
    ["Infə'meISən]
    n
    1) Auskunft f, Informationen pl

    to give sb information about or on sb/sth — jdm Auskunft or Informationen über jdn/etw geben

    to get information about or on sb/sth — sich über jdn/etw informieren, über jdn/etw Erkundigungen einziehen

    to ask for information on or about sb/sth — um Auskunft or Informationen über jdn/etw bitten

    "information" — "Auskunft"

    I have information that they will be arriving today — mir liegen Informationen darüber vor, dass sie heute ankommen

    for further information please contact this number... — Näheres erfahren Sie unter Telefonnummer...

    2) (COMPUT: information content) Information f
    * * *
    information [ˌınfə(r)ˈmeıʃn] s
    1. a) Benachrichtigung f, Unterrichtung f
    b) Nachricht f, Mitteilung f, Bescheid m
    2. a) Auskünfte pl, Auskunft f, Information f ( auch IT) give information Auskunft geben;
    for your information zu Ihrer Information oder Kenntnisnahme
    b) Auskunft(sschalter) f(m)
    3. koll Nachrichten pl, Informationen pl ( auch IT) a bit ( oder piece) of information eine Nachricht oder Information;
    we have no information wir sind nicht unterrichtet ( as to über akk);
    further information nähere Einzelheiten pl, Nähere n, Näheres
    4. koll Erkundigungen pl:
    gather information Erkundigungen einziehen, Auskünfte einholen, sich erkundigen
    5. Wissen n, Kenntnisse pl
    6. (wissenswerte) Tatsachen pl:
    full of information inhalts-, aufschlussreich
    7. JUR
    a) (formelle) Anklage
    b) (Straf)Anzeige f:
    file (US lay) an information against sb (Straf)Anzeige erstatten gegen jemanden
    8. TEL US Auskunft f
    * * *
    noun, no pl., no indef. art.

    piece or bit of information — Information, die

    for your information — zu Ihrer Information; (iron.) damit du Bescheid weißt!

    * * *
    n.
    Auskunft -¨e f.
    Benachrichtigung f.
    Hinweis -e m.
    Information f.
    Informationsmaterial n.

    English-german dictionary > information

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